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estimated that about 285 million of people suffer from visual
impairments in the world, including 19 million children below the age
of 15. Mathematics learning is critical for everyone, however,
elementary and middle school students with VI typically lag up to
three years behind their normal-developing peers in mathematics
achievement (Blackorby & Cameto, 2004; Blackorby, Chorost,
Garza & Guzman, 2003). There could be many reasons explaining
the difficulties of students with VI, such as inaccessibility to
educational materials, difficulties with mentally representing
numerical or graphic information, and limited social interaction or
communication with teachers and peers.
We systematically searched the five most widely used
electronic databases including ERIC, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar,
PsychInfo, and ProQuest from 1980 to 2014, using keywords:
mathematics, learning/education/teaching/instruction/, visual
impairment/visually impaired/visually handicapped/blind/low vision,
and program/intervention. In addition, we also conducted a hand-
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