;
Lorem Ipsum Dolor Spring 2016
2
Prevented them from an adequate opportunity to follow up on the campus" (p
iv). At the same time, however, university TVI programs across the United
States continued to add a course in O&M to the TVI sequence. The number
of university TVI programs offering the course "O&M for TVIs" grew from one,
in 1962, to 10 in 1969 (AAIB, 1962 & 1968, Hill, et. al., 1984; Weiner, 1980).
The Current Role of TVIs in Provision of O&M Services
Today, the role of TVIs providing O&M services varies depending on
the source. For example, the Council for Exceptional Children Standards
(CEC) only addresses O&M in one standard, "Strategies to prepare
individuals for structured pre-cane orientation and mobility assessment and
instruction" (2003, p. 109). However, a review of state education websites
indicated that 26 states required TVIs to provide some O&M instruction, 11
states expected only that TVIs have knowledge of O&M services, and the 13
remaining states published no expectation of TVIs with respect to provision of
O&M services.
In 1999, Wolffe et al. (2002) followed three TVIs in their local areas and
found that those TVIs spent approximately 8 percent of their time reinforcing
O&M with their students. Wolffe et al. found that "these activities were infused
49
