VIDBE-Q 2025 Volume 70 Issue 4
2023). These interactions consist of positive encouragement, motivation, and
teaching including adaptations needed for inclusive sport. This type of relationship
fosters self-determination and a positive outlook for physical activity. In essence,
both the skill building and relationship focus must be included in programming.
Adults may inadvertently discourage youth with visual impairments from
participation and highlighting the need for the positive relationship and exposure to
sport will influence participation.
The staffing strategy of the camps in this research included one-on-one
coaching. Athletes identified that coaches at camp played an important role in their
lives; nearly every participant who discussed encouragement identified one or
more coaches who encouraged them, despite nothing in the question specifically
asking about camp. Additionally, emotional safety and support from coaches
mattered to the participants in this study. They noted that some coaches went
beyond sports to offer comfort and connection. Athletes also identified that peer
encouragement was powerful. Peer encouragement was often casual, fun, and
confidence-boosting. These results echo prior research (Lepore-Stevens &
Schugar, 2023; Lepore-Stevens & Foster, 2024) regarding emotional safety, self-
determination, and encouragement for youth with visual impairments.
Early Sport Sampling
Many sports participants listed as activities they enjoy on both pre- and post-
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