VIDBE-Q 2025 Volume 70 Issue 4
experienced coaches. All of the camp programs involved in this research also
incorporated lessons in health and wellness beyond athletics.
Procedures
This exploratory mixed methods research involved conducting a pre-camp
survey and questionnaire as well as a post-camp questionnaire, all delivered orally
to the athlete by their one-on-one coach. Responses were recorded by the coach.
The initial survey (pre-camp survey) and pre-camp questionnaire occurred on the
first day of camp. This study was approved by the Rowan University Institutional
Review Board. Guardians signed consent forms, while youth participants signed
assent forms.
Instrumentation
Coaches utilized the Motives for Physical Activities Measure, MPAM-R
(Ryan et al., 1997), excluding the six questions relating to appearance (questions 5,
10, 17, 20, 24, and 27). The MPAM-R has been validated for use with general
populations (Ryan et al., 1997); however, it has not been specifically validated for
children with visual impairments. Coaches also administered a researcher-created
questionnaire containing open-ended questions related to the MPAM-R measures
(Figure 1), which were presented immediately following each corresponding
MPAM-R item. The pre-camp survey and questionnaire were part of the camp
program for all participants, regardless of if data was used in research.
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