VIDBE-Q Volume 68 Issue 2
39
Tina S. Herzberg, University of South Carolina Upstate,
herzberg@uscupstate.edu
Justin T. Kaiser, University of Kentucky
justin.kaiser@uky.edu
Developing orientation and mobility (O&M) skills is essential for
individuals with visual impairments in reaching their potential. In the early years,
O&M instruction encourages children to explore natural environments through
purposeful and self-initiated movement (Pogrund & Fazzi, 2002). As children
grow older, proficient O&M skills allow them to become more independent and
travel in increasingly complex environments. O&M skills are necessary for success
in postsecondary education, training, and employment.
O&M is a related service under the Individuals with Disabilities Education
Act (IDEA, 2004). The legislation is clear that qualified personnel should provide
individualized services so that students with visual impairments become safe and
efficient travelers in school, home, and community environments. Three states
Exploring Processes for Orientation
and Mobility Referrals
